Trane Technologies' SVP and CTO Mauro Atalla told Facilities Dive that single server racks now generate up to 200 kW of thermal load, with some at 600 kW and 1 MW racks coming — to the point where thermal management is inseparable from data-centre system management. Trane is working with NVIDIA on gigawatt-scale reference designs (Omniverse DSX Blueprint) that integrate chillers, CDUs, heat exchangers, pumps and control sequences. Direct-to-chip liquid cooling CDUs delivering water-glycol mix are now essential: "You are going to need liquid cooling — there is no way around it," Atalla said.